Update and understanding of optical biometer

IOL Master 500

Carl Zeiss produced the first commercially available optical biometer.

The source for the IOL Master 500 [Figure 1]^[18] is a 780 nm infrared laser. It is based on the PCI principle. It can measure AL to a precision of 0.02 mm, 5 times better than an immersion ultrasound biometer.^[19]

Close

Figure 1:

IOL Master 500.^[18]

Export to PPT

Optical biometry uses a different set of IOL A-constants than ultrasonic biometry.

In addition to AL, the IOL Master 500 measures – Keratometry (K), ACD and horizontal white-to-white (WTW) distance (AL).

The ACD is measured using a projected slit.

SRK II, SRK-T, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay-1, Haigis–L and Holladay 2 are among the equations accessible on board the IOL Master 500.

In eyes with dense corneal or lenticular opacity, the IOL Master 500 may be unable to reliably measure AL. The adoption of technology in new version 5.0 soft wear that took the average of numerous scans increased the accuracy of scans in opaque material to some extent. This programme enables the composite scan of many optical scans, resulting in an improved capacity to perform biometry through dense cataracts.^[20]

ALscan

The AL-Scan [Figure 2]^[21] from Nidek is a PCI-based biometer that measures AL using an 830 nm IR laser diode.

Close

Figure 2:

AL Scan.^[21]

Export to PPT

It includes ‘3D auto-tracking,’ which tracks the patient’s eye movements in three dimensions: X, Y and Z. When the device detects proper alignment, it uses the ‘autoshot’ feature to take the scan.

AL, ACD, WTW, pupil size and central corneal thickness (CCT) can all be measured using it (CCT). CCT and ACD are measured using Scheimpflug imaging (a Scheimpflug system images the anterior segment with a camera perpendicular to a slit beam, thus creating an optical section of cornea and lens).^[22]

Keratometry and corneal topography are performed using rings reflected from the anterior corneal surface.

Aberrations can be evaluated using topography and K with double mire rings. It has a 36-point K rating.

Toric lens assist images can also be captured with the AL-scan for digitally designating the axis of toric IOL installation.

An ultrasound pachymeter and an A-scan are also included with the AL-scan.

This biometer includes all commonly used IOL calculation formulae.

PentacamAXL

The oculus pentacam-AXL [Figure 3]^[21] is a hybrid of a PCI-based optical biometer and an elevation-based tomographer. Corneal tomography is performed with a revolving Scheimpflug camera and the AL is determined using PCI technology.

Close

Figure 3:

Pentacam AXL.^[21]

Export to PPT

The ability to measure posterior corneal astigmatism is a feature of the Pentacam AXL that provides it with an advantage when it comes to toric IOL planning.^[23]

It is also useful for determining IOL power in eyes that have had corneal refractive surgery.

The device also includes wavefront analysis capabilities.

The device has the most often used IOL power calculating equations.^[24]

Lenstar LS900

The Lenstar LS-900 [Figure 4]^[25] measures ocular distances with OLCR technology.

Close

Figure 4:

Lenstar LS 900.^[25]

Export to PPT

The AL, ACD and LT are measured using a low-coherent beam of light with an 820 nm wavelength produced by a superluminescent diode.

A dual-zone keratometry (at 1.65 and 2.3 mm) and T cone topography are performed using 32 points positioned close together (allows true Placido topography of the central cornea).

The Lenstar LS-900 supports all recent IOL calculation formulae, including Holladay IOL Consultant Professional, the Barrett Suite, Hill-radial basis function (RBF), Masket, Modified Masket and Shammas No-history. Oculix and Olsen formulas are also available through a separate software interface.^[26]

Aladdin HW3.0

The Topcon Alladdin HW [Figure 5]^[27] 3.0 combines a reflection-based topographer with an optical biometer.

Close

Figure 5:

Aladdin HW3.0.^[27]

Export to PPT

OLCR technology is used to calculate AL.

Keratometry can be done at three different zones: Three, five and seven millimetres. To perform anterior corneal topography, 24 Placido rings are used. The device incorporates the company’s real corneal radii technology, which collects roughly 1000 data points at a 3-mm diameter and measures the corneal radii as accurately and consistently as possible.

Zernicke wavefront analysis can be used to assess higher-order aberrations.

With mesopic, photopic and dynamic pupillometry capabilities, the pupil response can be measured during the Placido examination.

AL, keratometry, topography, ACD, pupillometry, WTW distance, CCT, and LT are all available in one acquisition on the Aladdin LT.

The Alladdin HW 3.0 includes the most common spherical and toric IOL power calculation equations. Traditional IOL power calculation formulas including SRK II, SRK/T, Holladay 1 and Haigis, as well as post-refractive surgery formulas such as Camellin-Calossi and Shammas no-history are included in the software. The Aladdin LT also contains a toric IOL rotation simulator and generic toric IOL calculating capabilities.^[28,29]

Galilei G6

OLCR optical biometry [Figure 6]^[30], dual Scheimpflug imaging and Placido disc topography are all included in the Galilei G6.

Close

Figure 6:

Galilei G6.^[30]

Export to PPT

It analyses anterior and posterior corneal power, axis and wavefront analyses, which help us for cataract and refractive surgery planning.

It offers three-dimensional (3D) anterior chamber analysis and high-definition pachymetry.

Shammas No-History, Barrett Universal and Barrett True-K Toric calculators are among the newest IOL power formulas included in the study.

The Galilei G6 also has access to Okulix and PhacoOptics, which are ray tracing IOL power calculation algorithms.^[31]

In addition to cataract surgery, the device can do thorough topographic screening of refractive surgery candidates, including keratoconus screening, and it is useful in planning for corneal implants as well as keratoplasty patient planning and follow-up.^[32]

Using the Asphericity Asymmetry Index, the Galilei G6 provides a more morphologic method for identifying subclinical keratoconus at its earliest stages (AAI). A distinctive characteristic of ocular biometry is the combination of a morphologic approach (decision tree) and a biomechanical method (PTA report) that can improve the sensitivity of the detection of corneas at risk for ectasia.^[33]

IOL Master 700

The swept-source-OCT technique, which offers a full-length OCT image of the eye, exhibiting anatomic details in a longitudinal cut through the length of the organ, was initially used in the IOLMASTER 700 [Figure 7]^[34] optical biometer. It enables the detection of unique ocular geometrical traits such as crystalline lens tilt or decentration.

Close

Figure 7:

IOL Master 700.^[34]

Export to PPT

The OCT image also serves as a fixation check: If the image shows the foveal pit, the patient has been properly fixed.

Telecentric keratometry, a distance-independent method that provides reliable measurements even in restless patients, is also available on the device. It can also use SS-OCT technology to quantify posterior corneal curvature, resulting in a new metric called total keratometry.^[35,36]

The biometric characteristics required for modern IOL power calculation methods, such as CCT, LT, AL and ACD, are included in anatomic measurements. Measurement is also possible in eyes with extensive cataracts and other media opacities, where OLCR or PCI-based optical biometry was previously impossible.

Other IOL power calculation equations (SRK/T formula, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1 and 2 and Barrett suit) are included in the programme, as well as the ‘Haigis Suite’ (which comprises Haigis, Haigis T for torics and Haigis L for post-refractive surgery eyes).^[37]

The Zeiss Cataract Suite markerless, which also comprises the IOLMaster 700, Callisto eye and OPMI Lumera line of microscopes, may use the IOLMaster 700 (all devices by Carl Zeiss Meditec).

Argos

The Argos [Figure 8]^[38] optical biometer is based on coherent optical interferometry and tomography using a 1-m swept-source beam with lateral scanning.

Close

Figure 8:

Argos.^[38]

Export to PPT

A near-infrared swept laser is scanned across the patient’s eye with swept-source technology. As light returns from boundary layers, the device’s software creates an accurate simulation of the ocular physiology. Real-time 2-D imaging of the eye is possible during biometer alignment thanks to quick image reconstruction methods.

The illumination of a ring of 16 infrared LEDs produces keratometry (K) values. Corneal curvature data are created by combining the reflected picture from the LEDs with the OCT signal. AL, CCT, ACD, LT, K values, pupil size and toric axis are among the parameters examined.

Argos’ major benefit is its ability to scan through highly extensive cataracts because of an ‘Enhanced Retinal Visualisation’ mode that boosts the retinal area’s imaging sensitivity by 100 times (without increasing laser power).

The Argos employs a proprietary sweeping laser source that is optimised for deep imaging (>50 mm) with a line rate of 3000 lines/SA. The Argos also has an ‘Analysis mode’ that allows surgeons to double-check the results.^[38]

OA2000 (Tomey)

Based on Fourier-domain technology and Placido-disc-based corneal topography, Tomey’s OA-2000 [Figure 9]^[39] optical biometer enables non-contact, non-invasive, automatic assessment of AL, ACD, LT, and CCT.

Close

Figure 9:

OA 2000.^[39]

Export to PPT

Placido-disc corneal topography is also included in the OA-2000 to quantify the radius of corneal curvature and define corneal form. The topographer measures not only the normal 3-mm optical zone but also 2.5 and 2 mm optical zones at the same time. It also generates a topography map to aid in detecting irregular astigmatism.

In one rapid shot, up to seven sets of measurement data, including CCT, LT, WTW and ACD, as well as AL and keratometry, can be collected. The device can use this information to execute a sequence of computations throughout the patient’s care, beginning with the pre-operative examination and progressing through IOL power calculation, post-surgery data storage, surgeon A-constant optimization and statistical analysis.

AL and CCT measurements can be taken with the AL-4000 handheld ultrasound biometer (Tomey), which communicates with the OA-2000 through Bluetooth technology in rare cases of very developed cataracts.

SRK-II, SRK/T, Haigis, Holladay, Hoffer Q and two formulas for eyes with surgically corrected corneal refractive power are among the nine formulas included in the OA-2000’s IOL power calculation function. Oculix and Olcen formulae can be obtained with the addition of the software of Ray tracing.^[40]

Eyestar 900

In October 2017, a new device based on SS-OCT was released. The EyeSuite software on the device offers elevation-based topography maps of both the front and back of the cornea, as well as biometry data from the cornea to the retina.

Eyestar 900 [Figure 10]^[41] produces 2D and 3D pictures of the anterior segment and crystalline lens. The data collection technique is painless and quick, ensuring patient comfort. Hill-RBF and Barrett Universal 2 are two of the most recent IOL power calculation equations included in the device.

Close

Figure 10:

Eyestar.^[41]

Export to PPT

The PCI, OCLR and SS-OCT biometry devices have been compared in several investigations.^[42] The majority of researchers have found a strong association between PCI, OCLR and SSOCT biometry readings.^[31,43]

Intraoperative wavefront aberrometry

Intraoperative wavefront aberrometry is one of the most recent advancements in the field of cataract surgery. It can take aphakic and pseudophakic refractive measurements on the eye that is being operated on in the operating room, providing real-time intra-operative refractive data.

This allows the surgeon to confirm or update the IOL power (as determined by pre-operative biometry), optimise the lens position and customise arcuate corneal incisions to the eye’s astigmatic needs.^[44,45]

Optiwave refractive analysis system (ORA)

WaveTec Vision Systems, Inc.’s Orange wavefront aberrometry device was the first commercially available intra-operative wavefront aberrometer. The ORA [Figure 11]^[46] system has now taken its place.

Close

Figure 11:

ORA.^[46]

Export to PPT

ORA makes use of infrared light and Talbot Moire interferometry, a technique in which wavefronts diffract across two gratings at a specified angle and distance to form a fringe pattern.^[47] This fringe pattern is then examined for sphere, cylinder and axis information, which is used to advise optimal IOL selection (including premium IOLs) and placement. It plays a unique role in the implantation of toric IOLs.

ORA is connected to a surgical microscope in the operating room, and aphakic and pseudophakic refractions are done. It takes less than a minute to take 40 measurements. The intra-operative aberrometer provides unprecedented precision during cataract surgery by providing real-time data to surgeons.

ORA has transformed premium cataract surgery, with some surgeons employing it in all of their toric, presbyopia-correcting IOLs, as well as a guide for intra-operative astigmatic keratotomy.

The ORA SYSTEM detects entire ocular refraction during cataract surgery when it matters most to assist improve outcomes for all patients, to minimise refractive surprises and power real-time, in-procedure modifications. It saves new data from each procedure in its unrivalled AnalyzORTM database, which currently has over 2 million cases of optimal data at the surgeon’s fingertips. This repository is reoptimised periodically to ensure that the ORA SYSTEM’s refractive outcomes improve over time.

Philips Health Suite powers Alcon’s cloud-based connection between the ORA, AnalyzOR and ARGOS biometer, allowing for a streamlined approach to practise data management with automatic data exchange from the clinic to the operating room, all backed by Windows 10 software and security improvements.

Intra-operative Aberrometry Versus Pre-operative Biometry for IOL Power Selection After Radial Keratotomy: A Prospective Study by Sabastian Xavier Curado The ORA aberrometer performed similarly to the Barrett True-K formula and all other established formulas in eyes with prior radial keratotomy surgery, with no significant difference between median absolute error and mean absolute error.^[48]

Holos

Clarity’s Holos [Figure 12]^[49] IntraOp is a second intra-operative aberrometer. To measure the magnitude of wavefront displacement, it employs a fast-rotating microelectromechanical mirror and a quad detector. Holos, like the ORA, collects optical wavefront and refraction data intraoperatively to validate the pre-planned IOL power and to aid in the selection of incision size and position to correct astigmatism.^[50] At any given time, up to 90 measurements are taken. It is connected to an operating microscope, just like the ORA, for intra-operative refractive measurements.

Close

Figure 12:

HOLOS.^[49]

Export to PPT

The aberrometer on the HOLOS instrument is a highly advanced gadget that was created expressly for this purpose, which is one of its advantages. The data are continuously filtered by measurement qualifiers by the HOLOS aberrometer, which is fast and accurate. That is to say before a measurement is presented on the screen, it must first pass muster. As a result, the HOLOS aberrometer has a 40-D dynamic range and is accurate within 0.25 D at the corneal plane. A separate person in the OR is not required to operate the system because the data are continuously shown.

Comparison of ORA and HOLOS

ORA intra-operative aberrometry take several snapshots readings before making an IOL power selection, to feel certain that the measurements are correct, the HOLOS system will uniquely provide the data. It may take several minutes to complete this task. The HOLOS system continuously takes roughly 90 readings per second and qualifies each one so that only qualified readings are used in IOL computations. Instead of displaying the results of the surgeon’s photographs, the HOLOS will provide a frequency histogram that displays how often a certain IOL power is advised by the formula in real-time.

The focal point of HOLOS surgery is retained at the iris plane or wherever the surgeon is working. The surgeon does not have to readjust the scope to achieve qualified readings because the data are constantly generated and certified. To get a reading, you do not have to alter the focus, switch off the microscope light or raise the system to a set height above the cornea as you do with ORA.^[46] The focus of the HOLOS^[49] system corresponds to the focus in the microscope. This improves your efficiency in OR.

The HOLOS system’s optics are designed to take less light away from the microscope’s optical path than the ORA.

ORA’s AnalyzOR databank has 2 million instances. ORA has optimised a wide range of lens model outcomes, with Barrett Universal II and Rx and all other formulas. HOLOS does not have the benefit of combining data from thousands of cases at first, as the ORA system, so came up with the HOLO-Barrett IOL formula, as its new set database.